Forgiveness and self-forgiveness: A theoretical and critical evaluation

Abstract

This dissertation presents a review and critical evaluation of the major contributors to forgiveness therapy (e.g. Enright, Worthington, etc). Empirical studies demonstrate that forgiveness therapies comprise effective tools in furthering psychological healing. Arguments against the use of forgiveness are also addressed in this work, confirming that forgiveness can be both misapplied and misunderstood. This integrated evaluation considers the nature of forgiveness, as informed by the contributions of both the Catholic Tradition and mainstream psychology. From this foundation, the paper proceeds to examine the therapeutic modalities within interpersonal forgiveness and self-forgiveness. Drawing from such innate precepts and practical therapies, this work examines the possibility, originally introduced by Vitz (1999), that the term “self-forgiveness,” as particularly differentiated from interpersonal forgiveness, constitutes a misnomer and exemplifies a serious misunderstanding of client needs. The discussions culminate in an analysis of self-forgiveness, in particular the ways in which it encourages splitting, isolation and narcissistic tendencies. The claims attributed to self-forgiveness are interpreted from various perspectives, including failures of attempted earlier interpersonal forgiveness and/or failures of self-acceptance. It is posited that rather than exposing clients to self-forgiveness which might lead to short-term benefits at the cost of long-term health, the clinician has a superior alternative in interpersonal forgiveness. Underlying challenges with self-acceptance or the acceptance of forgiveness find resolution and empowerment in utilizing therapeutic modalities already existing.